MOOB LUB KEEBKWM TUABLU

Tug Sau: Paoze Thao, Ph.D.

Lub 9 Hlis, tim 26, 2004  

Txij thaus peb xeevxwm lug moog, Moob yeej ibtxwm muaj nyob rua Suav tuamtshoj tebchaws tau tshaaj le 5,000 xyoo lug lawm. Suav hu puab ua “Miao.” Cov Lostsuas hab Thaib hu puab ua “Meo.” Txawm yog le caag los xij, puab hu puab tug kheej ua “Moob.” Moob yog ib cov tuabneeg nyam nyob ua paab ua pawg kws muaj pejxeem coob txug le 10 plhom leej. Puab has ib yaam lug kws muaj nyob ua-ntej cov hom lug Suav (pre-Sinitic languages). Cov txawjtxug rua saab ntaubntawv muab puab cov lug tso nyob rua huv pawg tsevlug “Mong-Mien” nyob rua Vemteb Axis. Vim tas Moob tsis muaj tsajntawv, cov Suav hab cov txawjtxug saab nubpoob yog cov sau puab lub keebkwm yaav thau-u. Moob muaj nyob rua huv Suav Tuamtshojteb, Nyaablaajteb, Lostsuasteb, Thaibteb, Maajteb, Tseemfwv Amelikasteb, Faabkisteb, Faabkis Guiana, Khanada, Australia, Germany, hab Argentina tebchaws.

Tsi muaj leejtwg paub txug qhov chivkeeb ntawm Moob. Tabsis, nyob rua tam nuav, muaj plaub lub ntsablug has txug Moob lub chivkeeb. Cov ntsablug nuav has tas Moob tau chiv lug ntawm: (1) Mesopotamia lug, (2) saab qaabteb, kws tejzag yog ntawm India Maajteb los yog Tonkin, (3) Suav tuamtshojteb, hab (4) Siberia (Russia teb). Txawm has tas tuabneeg paub Moob lub chivkeeb tsi meej los xijpeem, cov txawjtxug puavleej xauslug has tas Moob yeej nyob huv Suav tuamtshoj teb ua-ntej cov Suav. Thaus ntu xyoo 1800, muaj ib co Moob tau tsiv tawm huv Suavteb moog nyob rua Nyaablaajteb (Cobtsibteb), Lostsuasteb, Thaibteb, hab Maajteb. Txij xyoo 1975 lug, vim tsuvrog Nyaajlaaj, muaj ib co Moob txhaj tau moog nyob rua Tseemfwv Amelikas, Faabkis, Khanada, Faabkis Guiana, Australia, Germany hab Argentina.

Nraagqaab nuav yog kev qha keebkwm Moob ua ntu zug:

· Keebkwm Moob muab taug tau moog rua ntu kws muaj kev sisfaib lug nyob rua huv Taj Sua (“Taj Xuabzeb Haav Suabpuam”);

· Txivplig Savina has tas Moob yog ib co tuabneeg kws muaj caajceg lug ntawm cov Turanians (kws yog ib co tuabneeg dlawb) kws chiv lug nyob rua sau cov roob Pamir huv Vemteb Axis nruabnraab kws tau raug cov Aryans quabyuam kuas tawm thaajchaw ntawd. Puab tau tsiv hlaa Turkestan, Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Honan, Tibet, hab moog rua tug Dlej Dlaag;

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Shang (2497 B.C.)

Txawj Yuj (Tseu-You - ib tug thawjcoj Moob) tau coj Moob sawv tawmtsaam Suav, vim Hoang-ti xijpheej coj cov Suav nam camteb tuaj rua thaajtsaam Moob nyob (tomqaab nwg lub npe muab hloov moog hu ua “Faajtim Fuabtais Dlaaj” ntawm ntu Shang Dynasty. Hoang-ti tau muab Moob faib ua 8 pawg: (1) Moob Sib, (2) Moob Dlub, (3) Moob Dlaaj, (4) Moob Suav Faaj, (5) Moob Ncuavpas, (6) Moob Yobtshuab, (7) Moob Paaj los yog Moob Quasnpaab, hab (8) Moob Labhaus lawv le puab cov tsoogtsho.

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Chou (1028 BC-256 B.C.)

Faajtim Fuabtais Chou tau xaa Moob moog nyob rua saab qaabteb Kansu ua kev tivthaiv rua ib qhov chaw kws tsi muaj kev ruaj ntseg. Qhov chaw nuav yog tswj lug ntawm ib paab tuabneeg kws nyaum nyaum heev kws muaj ib tug coj hu ua “Maa Dlawb.”

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Han (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)

Faajtim Fuabtais Han tau tawm kevcai rua saab qaabteb tsi pub kuas cov Moob nti hlo le.

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Tang (618 A.D.)

Faajtim Fuabtais Tang tau xaa tubrog moog txeeb cov aav kws tau poob moog nyob rua Moob ndlagtug rovqaab lug rua Suav tswj.  

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Sung (907 A.D.)

Faajtim Fuabtais Sung tau dlaag has tas yuav moog yuav Fuabtais Moob tug ntxhais Nkauj See rua Suav tug tub kws yuav moog ua Fuabtais hab tau yuam ib txuj cai rua Moob kuas nrug Suav sistua hab tsiv tawm.  

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Ming (1368 – 1644)

Faajtim Fuabtais Ming taagzug tsimtxom Moob. Puab tau ua ib tug “Ntsaa-laajkaab Moob” (Mong Wall), miv dlua tug “Ntsaa-laajkaab Luj” (The Great Wall) nyob rua camteb xeev Hunan-Kweichow tsis pub Moob moog ua laagluam nrug cov Suav;

· Ntu Faajtim Fuabtais Manchu (1644 – 1911)

Faajtim Fuabtais Manchu tau rub se nyaav rua Moob them hab taagzug tsimtxom Moob;

· Moob Tsivteb Rawschaw (1810 – 1820)

Muaj ib co Moob tau tsiv hlaa Nyaablaaj tebchaws moog rua Lostsuasteb, Maajteb, hab Thaibteb rua thaus yuav xaus rua ntu 1700, tabsis cov coob rua ntu 1810-1820. Cov Moob nyob rua tug ntugdlej Hoai tau tsiv moog rua Xeev Hupeh, Kiang-Si, hab Hunan, Dlej Ntsuab moog rua tug Dlej Nubpoob (West River), tsiv moog rua saab qaumteb nubtuaj txug ncua Xeev Kweichow. Xeev Kweichow yog lub yeejplawv kws cov Moob tau moog sissau ua-ntej kws puab yuav tsiv moog nyob rua lwm lub xeev, xws le Kiangsi, saab qaabteb moog rua Kwangtun, saab qaumteb moog rua xeev Szechwan, hab saab nubpoob moog rua Xeev Yunan;

· Ntawv Coglug Tien Tshin (The Treaty of Tien Tshin) (1884)

Xyoo 1884, Faabkis hab Suav tau suamnpe coglug rua tsaab ntawv Coglug Tien Tshin hab cov Moob nyob Lostsuas tau paab Faabkis lawv cov Suav kws nyob camteb Lostsuas hab Suav hu ua “Cov Chij Dlub” rovqaab moog rua Suav tuamtshoj Teb;

· Kev Phoojywg Ntawm Faabkis hab Moob tsuag zujzug (1917-1922)

Xyoo 1916, cov Faabkis tau tsuam se ntau yaam nyob rua Lostsuasteb. Xyoo 1917-1922, vim Faabkis tau tsuam se nyaav rua Moob, Paaj Cai Thoj txhajle coj cov Moob sawv tawmtsaam Faabkis kws hu ua “Rog Paaj Cai.” Cov Nplog hu npluav rog nuav ua “Rog Phim Npab” (Rog Vwm), hab Faabkis hu npluav rog nuav ua “Rog Vwm” (La Guerre du Fou);

· Rog Nplajteb Zag 2 (1941-1945)

Xyoo 1941-1945, Moob tau tsaus teg rua Npluav Rog Nplajteb Zag 2. Moob tsuas paub tas npluav rog nuav yog “Rog Yibpooj.”

· Xyoo 1945, Tseemfwv Amelikas hab Tseemfwv Russia cuab ua Npluavrog Txag (the Cold War); 

· Xyoo 1963-1975, cov Moob nyob huv Lostsuas tau tsausteg rua Npluav Rogzais Amelikas nyob Lostsuas (The U.S. Secret Army in Laos) kws yog ib feem ntawm Npluavrog Nyaablaaj (the Vietnam War);

· Xyoo 1975, cov Moob nyob Lostsuas tau tsiv moog rua cov Yeej Tawgrog nyob huv Thaibteb. Xyoo 1975, cov Moob tawgrog nyob Thaibteb tau moog tsim neej tshab nyob rua cov tebchaws saab nubpoob, xws le Tseemfwv Amelikas tebchaws, Faabkis, Germany, Faabkis Guiana (French Guiana), Khanada, hab Australia;

Cov Moob nyob rua Lostsuasteb hab Tseemfwv Amelikas Teb muab faib tau ua ob co lawv le puab kev coj-noj coj-ua, kws muaj kev txawvtxaav rua puab tej lug, tej kevcai hab tej tsoogtsho. Ib pawg yog cov “Moob Leeg” kws puab hu puab tug kheej ua “Moob,” sau ua “M-o-n-g,” siv tug ntawv “M” sau ua-ntej. Cov tuabneeg saab nubpoob hu puab ua cov “Blue Mong.” Ib pawg yog cov “Hmoob Dawb” kws puab hu puab tug kheej ua “Hmoob,” sau ua “H-m-o-n-g,” siv tug ntawv “H” sau ua-ntej. Cov tuabneeg saab nubpoob hu puab ua “White Hmong.” Ob co tuabneeg nuav muaj keebkwm sisyuav sischaab sischaws hab muaj kev sishumxeeb lug rua tam kws taag lug nuav.

Thaus xaus nuav, txawm Moob yuav nyob lub tebchaws twg los xij, tsi has cov nyob rua cov tebchaws saab nubtuaj Axias, saab qaabteb nubtuaj Axias, Amelikas Qaumteb, Amelikas Qaabteb, Australia hab Europe, puab tau muab kev paab rua lub teb lub chaw kws puab nyob ntawd moog rua txhua phaab nyob huv kev nrhavnoj nrhavhaus. Txawm has tas Moob ua lub neej ua-laj ua-teb noj xwb los, Moob yeej txawj hloov puab tug kheej kuas hum lub teb lub chaw zoo. Vim Moob txuj kev ntse, kev txawj hloov, hab nyam kev ywjpheej, Moob yuav txawj hloov kuas zoo zujzug moog ntxiv. Vim Moob txuj kev nquag, kev txavtxim sab, hab kev tivtaug, cov tubntxhais hluas Moob tau txais kev vaammeej nyob rua cov tebchaws kws puab nyob, yuav vaammeej zujzug moog lawv-le puab raab peevxwm ua tau hab yuav muab kev txhawb nqaa rua txuj kev vaammeej ntawm lub tebchaws kws puab nyob.

Pobzeb Thoj, Ph.D. yog ib tug Kws Qha Ntawv rua College of Professional Studies nyob California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB). Nwg paub moog rua saab kev kawmntawv sispiv, keebkwm kev kawmntawv, kevcai saab kawmntawv, kevcai saab ntaubntawv, kev qha-ntawv Aaskiv hab Faabkis moog ua hom lug yaam ob. Nwg txhawj haslug, nyeem, hab sau ntawv Moob, Nplog, Thai, Faabkis, hab Aaskiv.

Saib Cov Ntawv Ntsigtxug Sau Zaajlug Aaskiv